rhizome at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg was evaluated against thioacetamide-

induced liver damage in rats. Treatment with CLRE attenuated the altered serum

TGF-β1 and TNF-α and oxidative stress as assessed by malondialdehyde, urinary

8-hydroxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine levels. The observed effect may be due to the

antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of CLRE (Salama et al. 2013).

29.2.6.11 Cynara scolymus

C. scolymus belongs to family Apiaceae and is commonly known as artichoke. Since

ancient times, it is used for curing liver diseases, digestive disorders and hyperlipid-

emia. The leaf extract of this plant possesses hepatoprotective activity (Gebhardt

1997). The leaf extract of C. scolymus contain certain compounds such as cynarin,

luteolin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, other flavonoids and polyphenol compounds,

some of which possess antioxidant properties (Fallah Huseini et al. 2011). The

ethanolic extract of C. scolymus leaves (EEA) was investigated in animals fed on

high fat diet for 8 months. The EEA at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly

decreased the abnormal serum hepatic profile, attenuated the oxidative stress and

reduced the fatty liver deposition in hepatic lobule as shown by histopathological

studies (Ben Salem et al. 2019).

29.2.6.12 Emblica officinalis

Emblica

officinalis,

commonly

known

as

amla

is

a

member

of

family

Euphorbiaceae. It is a deciduous tree found at an altitude of 350 m in India. It is

mainly cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Gujrat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. It contains

tannins (5–6%) such as ellagic acid, gallic acid and phyllemblin. It acts as an

aphrodisiac, haemostatic and nutritive tonic. The aqueous fruit extract of amla

significantly reduced the blood glucose levels along with the triglyceride levels

and also improves the liver functions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Khan

2009). The aqueous extract of E. officinalis (EO) at 50 and 250 mg/kg was evaluated

in CCL4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The EO treatment showed a marked

decrease in serum markers such as alkaline phosphate, glutamate pyruvate transami-

nase and oxidative stress suggesting its protective effects (Jose and Kuttan 2000).

29.2.6.13 Flacourtia indica

The aerial parts of Flacourtia indica were evaluated in paracetamol-induced hepa-

totoxicity in rats. It is commonly known as ramontchi, Indian plum, and belongs to

Salicaceae family. The various extracts of aerial parts of F. indica (Burm. f.) Merr.,

such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, were evaluated in

paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis in rat. All the extracts of the plant ameliorated

the hepatic marker enzymes, but a significant reduction was observed by treatment

with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts at a single dose of 1.5 g/kg.

Histopathological studies also showed a marked recovery in liver necrosis was

also observed in petroleum ether- and ethyl acetate-treated groups. This protective

effect may be due to the inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes (Nazneen et al.

2009; Anand and Lal 2016).

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